Guides

Plain-language guides that explain the ideas behind our tools: how the numbers are worked out, what the common mistakes are, and what to do with the result.

How we write our guides

Each guide starts from a question people actually ask, explains the method step by step, and uses worked examples that are calculated by code, not typed from memory. We link to the primary sources we rely on, such as standards bodies, official documentation and published research, so you can check the details yourself.

Guides are updated when a formula, a standard or a search-engine rule changes. If you spot a mistake, please tell us and we will fix it. Read more about how we test our tools.

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